The human brain

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This topic is for students studying the full biology course only

The brain controls complex behaviour. It is made of billions of interconnected neurones and has different regions that carry out different functions.

Three important regions of the brain are:

Cerebral Cortex: This is the brain's outer layer, responsible for higher-order functions like consciousness, intelligence, memory, language, and personality. It's divided into two hemispheres (left and right), each controlling the opposite side of the body.
Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, the cerebellum coordinates movement, balance, and posture.
Medulla: Found at the base of the brain, the medulla controls vital, involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It's essential for keeping you alive.

Higher tier only

Studying the brain is incredibly difficult due to its complexity and delicate nature. Neuroscientists use various methods to explore its mysteries, including:

Studying patients with brain damage: By observing how specific injuries affect behaviour and function, researchers can infer the roles of different brain regions.
Electrically stimulating the brain: This technique involves applying small electrical currents to specific areas to trigger responses and map out their functions.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scanning: This non-invasive technique produces detailed images of the brain's structure, allowing scientists to identify abnormalities and study brain activity.

Brain damage and diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy are incredibly challenging to treat. The brain's intricate wiring and delicate nature make it difficult to repair damage or target specific areas with medication.

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