Specialised cells

• Cells are the fundamental units of life, and each type of cell is specifically designed to perform particular functions within an organism. 

• These specialised cells have unique features that enable them to carry out their specific tasks efficiently.  

Specialised animal cells

• Most animal cells contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. However, many cells have adapted their shape and structure to become specialised for particular jobs.

  • Nerve cells: These long, thin cells transmit electrical impulses throughout the body, allowing for communication and coordination.

  • Red blood cells: Lacking a nucleus, these cells are packed with hemoglobin, a pigment that binds to oxygen. Their disc-like shape increases their surface area for carrying oxygen.

  • Sperm cells: These cells have a streamlined head, a long tail, and numerous mitochondria for energy production, enabling them to swim towards an egg cell.

  • Ciliated cells: Found in the airways, these cells have hair-like structures called cilia that sweep mucus away from the lungs.

Nerve cell (left) and red blood cell (right)

Sperm cell (left) and ciliated cell (right)

Specialised plant cells

• Plant cells also exhibit specialisation, with different cell types adapted to perform specific functions within the plant.

  • Leaf cells: Packed with chloroplasts, these cells are responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting sunlight into energy.

  • Root hair cells: These cells have a large surface area to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

Root hair cell (left) and leaf cell (right)